If Renaissance composers (including Josquin des Prés, Orlando di Lassus and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina) first laid the basis of polyphonic writing, the composers of the baroque period solidified them while integrating new elements. Solo voices were progressively put forward (as exemplified by the birth of opera and the golden age of the castratos, true stars of the era). Singers add numerous ornaments to the melodies to expand the texture of the lines and this technique will also be used in instrumental music.
Renaissance’s repertoire was essentially modal and constructed horizontally (lines get superposed and meet in a few spots). The baroque composers put forward a more preeminent verticality that will eventually lead to the mastery of tonality as we know it today. The emergence of basso continuo (and cadences that punctuate the musical speech) confirms the importance granted to harmony as support of melody.
Musical forms got more settled through these years. The baroque sonata was then based on a three movements’ pattern (slow/fast/slow in Italy and fast/slow/fast in France). The suite (a series of instrumental dances, inspired by actual dances from various European countries), the fugue (brought by Johann Sebastian Bach to summits rarely achieved since) and the concerto (dialogue between orchestra and soloist) become more important forms, as works by Handel, Couperin, Purcell, Vivaldi, Telemann and Corelli demonstrate.
A few landmarks
1607 Orfeo de Monteverdi, considered as the first opera
1709 Cristofori invents the pianoforte, an instrument that will truly be recognized in 1747, thanks to Bach
1710 Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos
1711 Vivaldi’s Four Seasons
1712 Haendel’s Messiah
The Caprice Ensemble recently launched the CD Vivaldi and his angels, featuring the famous Gloria RV 589.